[et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbHeader\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb use_background_color_gradient=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_stops=\u00a0\u00bbrgba(31,35,44,0.7) 0%|gcid-9fa4a1b6-767d-41ca-984c-a6f10449c843 100%\u00a0\u00bb background_color_gradient_overlays_image=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb background_image=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/patrick-kasparian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/attorney-20.jpg\u00a0\u00bb background_position=\u00a0\u00bbtop_center\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb collapsed=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-9fa4a1b6-767d-41ca-984c-a6f10449c843%22:%91%22background_color_gradient_stops%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bb8bb2204e-7fde-43c6-ac82-3311edef7f39″ header_4_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#E0DAD2″ text_orientation=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||10px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/patrick-kasparian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/attorney-1.png\u00a0\u00bb title_text=\u00a0\u00bbattorney-1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb max_width=\u00a0\u00bb130px\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font=\u00a0\u00bb–et_global_body_font|500|||||||\u00a0\u00bb text_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00a0\u00bb text_orientation=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb|200px||200px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb|0px||0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb|0px||0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n
Patrick Kasparian (Ph.D.) is a regular contributor to leading legal books and journals. His contributions focus on the\u00a0<\/span>Blockchain<\/a>, corporate control, strategic decisions, corporate governance and shareholder rights.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#1e232b\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|10px|10px|10px|10px\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_accordion _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.4″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb toggle_font=\u00a0\u00bbAnek Gujarati||||||||\u00a0\u00bb body_font=\u00a0\u00bbAnek Gujarati||||||||\u00a0\u00bb body_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbJanvier 2026″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n Par deux arr\u00eats rendus le 28 novembre 2025, la Cour de cassation condamne la m\u00e9thode dite \u00ab du faisceau d\u2019indices \u00bb adopt\u00e9e par la cour d\u2019appel de Paris pour la qualification du contr\u00f4le exclusif de fait au sens de l\u2019article L. 233-3, I, 3\u00b0, du Code de commerce. Elle d\u00e9cide au contraire qu\u2019une personne physique ou morale ne d\u00e9termine en fait les d\u00e9cisions dans les assembl\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 que par les seuls droits de vote dont elle dispose, lorsque leur nombre lui permet d\u2019imposer sa volont\u00e9 lors des assembl\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9rales. Ainsi, elle affirme que la d\u00e9finition repose exclusivement sur le crit\u00e8re de majorit\u00e9 politique, dont la pertinence m\u00e9rite d\u2019\u00eatre questionn\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbD\u00e9cembre 2025″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/etudes-joly-societes\/S_EC175?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cControl, taken in the sense of domination \u2013 which will be the subject of our study \u2013 invites us to examine the power exercised by a person \u2013 whether natural or legal \u2013 over the will of the company. The exercise of power offers the controller the possibility of defining the company's strategy in such a way that it corresponds to his own aspirations.\u201d<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/encyclopedie\/controle-exclusif-controle-conjoint-S_EC175<\/a><\/p>\n <\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbNovembre 2025″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n La SAS, gouvern\u00e9e par le principe de libert\u00e9 statutaire, autorise la mise en place des montages de contr\u00f4le les plus divers gr\u00e2ce aux am\u00e9nagements statutaires et extra-statutaires autoris\u00e9s. Cette souplesse de la SAS met \u00e0 l’\u00e9preuve les d\u00e9finitions du contr\u00f4le consacr\u00e9es en droit des affaires. Tant le crit\u00e8re de d\u00e9tention majoritaire que celui d’influence dominante ou d\u00e9terminante peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9licats \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre pour la qualification du contr\u00f4le de la SAS.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbAo\u00fbt 2024″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n "The question 'How can a company be controlled?' has been the subject of much writing, informed by a wealth of frequent case law. On the other hand, the issues relating to the determination of the controlling party, which can be summed up by the question 'Who can control a company?', attract much less interest. Perhaps this is linked to the lack of originality, in this respect, of the arrangements establishing control over a company."<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbJanvier 2024″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS202p9?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n "The case law relating to joint control continues to evolve, enabling the emergence, through decisions, of consistent solutions which concern both the scope of application of this concept and the elements of its legal definition."<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbAo\u00fbt 2023″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.mareetmartin.com\/livre\/science-et-droit\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n The idea of the article was to demonstrate that the creation of a smart contract registering a contractual clause in a blockchain can raise a number of issues regarding the interpretation of the parties' intentions.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbMars 2022″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS200u8?em=Kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cA rewriting of Article L. 233-3, III, is necessary so that the definition of joint control finally corresponds to its essence: it is a power exercised at the level of strategic decisions, regardless of the body that defines them, and not at the level of any decision falling within the competence of the general meeting of the controlled company!\u201d<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbD\u00e9cembre 2019″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS120h2?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cOne of the essential objectives assigned to the notion of control is to lift the veil on the more or less complex legal arrangements which sometimes aim to conceal the identity of those holding power within a company or group of companies.\u201d<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbSeptembre 2019″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS120a7?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cJudges find themselves obliged to formally refer to inadequate criteria (concerted action and the actual determination of decisions in a general meeting), while retaining those which could result from a more appropriate definition\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbJuin 2019″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cGenerally speaking, the difference between judicial truth and scientific truth lies in the \u201cclosed\u201d nature of the former.\u201d<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbMars 2019″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.librairiedalloz.fr\/livre\/9782247195800-blockchain-et-droit-des-societes-veronique-magnier-patrick-barban-collectif\/\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cThis question arises more generally from a reflection on the role of blockchain as a \u201cregulatory tool\u201d: thanks to the implementation of a specific IT protocol, we would force\u00a0<\/span>de facto\u00a0<\/span><\/em>And\u00a0<\/span>ex ante<\/em>\u00a0actors to respect certain obligations\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbF\u00e9vrier 2018″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/boutique.lexisnexis.fr\/4540-revue-de-droit-rural\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cBut the legislator goes further by freeing itself from the legal form adopted by the company: the law intended to encompass all economic actors in the sector. Thus, any company, including commercial companies, that meets the definition can now be labeled ESS.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbNovembre 2017″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS117a4?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cIn principle, the appearance of a new economic player on the market constitutes a concentration operation, regardless of the structure adopted by the interested parties. A new entity exists alongside existing ones and therefore disrupts the market configuration; however, when this is the work of pre-existing companies, there is indeed a concentration. However, we must avoid giving in to the temptation of such simplistic reasoning.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbOctobre 2017″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS116y0?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cMust a manager whose dismissal is anticipated be notified of the alleged grievances? Such a requirement would provide better protection to the person concerned. Naturally, he or she would have the necessary time to prepare a defense that could influence the decision to dismiss him or her. However, does the requirement for prior information of the manager not stem from the guarantee of the rights of defense?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbMai 2017″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS116h7?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cThus, the supervisory authorities are required to carry out the qualification operation in two stages: first the qualification of joint control, then the qualification of full exercise. Between the two notions, there is not a simple difference of degree; there is a real difference of nature. Joint control is characterized at the level of the strategy adopted by the joint venture as an economic actor on the market.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbMai 2016″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS114z8?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cThe strategy of the subsidiary is not only influenced, in its content, by its membership in the group, but is also, as for its adoption, subject to the approval of the company at the head of the group. Indeed, the two essential criteria for the definition of the group are the existence of a link of control and a decision-making unit.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbMai 2016″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS114z6?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cCase law and decision-making practice seem to be bogged down in imprecise reasoning which, on the one hand, accepts the adoption of a modern definition of joint control and, on the other, insists on linking it to the literal criterion derived from a poorly drafted text. However, is it the role of judges to \u201cbreak\u201d the text of Article L. 233-3?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbJuin 2015″ open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS113r1?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cIn a decision that reiterates a well-established praetorian rule, the Court of Cassation once again affirms the sacred nature of the shareholder\u2019s vote. It refuses to give effect to a statutory exclusion clause that has the effect of removing a shareholder\u2019s right to vote.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbJanvier 2015″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-societes\/BJS112x3?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cThe strategic decisions of the SA are generally adopted within the framework of the annual guidelines decided by the board of directors. However, certain \u201cemerging\u201d strategic decisions cannot be anticipated and are necessarily adopted during the financial year. For these decisions, positive law does not allow for the precise determination of the competent corporate body. There is therefore a real risk of omnipotence on the part of the CEO.\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbJanvier 2015″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.labase-lextenso.fr\/bulletin-joly-bourse\/BJB112a8?em=patrick%20kasparian\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cCurrently, there remains doubt as to the application of certain texts to the control in its exclusive and joint form, as to the definition of the person of the controller and as to the taking into account of complex chains of control. In principle, the\u00a0<\/span>ratio legis\u00a0<\/span><\/em>of the reference text would make it possible to resolve these problems\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=\u00a0\u00bbD\u00e9cembre 2014″ icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#cab6a1″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/www.lgdj.fr\/le-controle-conjoint-9782306000465.html\u00a0\u00bb link_option_url_new_window=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb open=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n \u201cBusiness law has struggled with defining the concept of control: a person can be dominated by a multitude of means. More specifically, corporate law techniques and the imagination of practitioners make possible a wide variety of control schemes. A company can be dominated when its managers are loyal to the controller, when important decisions can be dictated by the controller, or when its economic viability depends on the controller.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=\u00a0\u00bb1″ admin_label=\u00a0\u00bbContact Info\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bbgcid-9fa4a1b6-767d-41ca-984c-a6f10449c843″ collapsed=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-9fa4a1b6-767d-41ca-984c-a6f10449c843%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00a0\u00bb1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb10px|10px|10px|10px|true|true\u00a0\u00bb border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb2px\u00a0\u00bb 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_module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbb948377c-4029-4c81-91ab-5b4e966225f2″ text_font=\u00a0\u00bb–et_global_body_font||||||||\u00a0\u00bb text_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ header_4_font=\u00a0\u00bbAnek Gujarati|700||on|||||\u00a0\u00bb header_4_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ header_4_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.7em\u00a0\u00bb text_orientation=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb||1px|||\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n Monday-Friday \u2013 9:30 \u2013 19:00<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_social_media_follow icon_color=\u00a0\u00bb#000000″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_orientation=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||-27px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb border_radii=\u00a0\u00bbon|100px|100px|100px|100px\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_social_media_follow_network 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23 09 90<\/p>\n contact@patrick-kasparian.com<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb20px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px||0px||true|\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb4_4″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_divider color=\u00a0\u00bbgcid-11d3dbbb-f6dc-4fb8-929b-9d6994368d00″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.20.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb||0px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-11d3dbbb-f6dc-4fb8-929b-9d6994368d00%22:%91%22color%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font=\u00a0\u00bb–et_global_body_font||||||||\u00a0\u00bb text_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#FFFFFF\u00a0\u00bb text_orientation=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n Copyright \u00a9 2025. All rights reserved ~ Legal Notices<\/a> – Privacy - mediation<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" PublicationsPatrick Kasparian (Ph.D.) contribue r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e0 des ouvrages et revues juridiques de premier plan. Ses contributions portent notamment sur la\u00a0Blockchain, le contr\u00f4le des entreprises, les d\u00e9cisions strat\u00e9giques, la gouvernance des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et les droits des actionnaires.Affaire Bollor\u00e9\/Vivendi : le contr\u00f4le exclusif de fait d\u00e9coule n\u00e9cessairement de la d\u00e9tention ou de l\u2019exercice des droits de vote […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"\n Patrick Kasparian (Ph.D.) contribue r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e0 des ouvrages et revues juridiques de premier plan. Ses contributions portent notamment sur la Blockchain<\/a>, le contr\u00f4le des entreprises, les d\u00e9cisions strat\u00e9giques, la gouvernance des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et les droits des actionnaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \"Une r\u00e9\u00e9criture de l\u2019article L. 233-3, III, s\u2019impose afin que la d\u00e9finition du contr\u00f4le conjoint corresponde enfin \u00e0 son essence : il s\u2019agit d\u2019un pouvoir exerc\u00e9 sur le plan des d\u00e9cisions strat\u00e9giques, quel que soit l\u2019organe qui les d\u00e9finit, et non au niveau de toute d\u00e9cision relevant de la comp\u00e9tence de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 contr\u00f4l\u00e9e !\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Le contr\u00f4le pris au sens d'une domination \u2013 qui sera l'objet de notre \u00e9tude \u2013 invite \u00e0 examiner le pouvoir exerc\u00e9 par une personne \u2013 physique ou morale \u2013 sur la volont\u00e9 de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. L'exercice du pouvoir offre au contr\u00f4laire la possibilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9finir la strat\u00e9gie de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, de telle mani\u00e8re que celle-ci corresponde \u00e0 ses propres aspirations\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"L\u2019un des objectifs essentiels assign\u00e9s \u00e0 la notion de contr\u00f4le est de lever le voile sur les montages juridiques plus ou moins complexes qui visent parfois \u00e0 escamoter l\u2019identit\u00e9 des d\u00e9tenteurs du pouvoir au sein d\u2019une entreprise ou d\u2019un groupe de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Les juges se trouvent oblig\u00e9s de se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer formellement \u00e0 des crit\u00e8res inad\u00e9quats (l\u2019action de concert et la d\u00e9termination en fait des d\u00e9cisions en assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale), alors qu\u2019ils retiennent ceux qui pourraient d\u00e9couler d\u2019une d\u00e9finition plus appropri\u00e9e\u2026\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, la diff\u00e9rence entre la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 judiciaire et la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 scientifique r\u00e9side dans le caract\u00e8re \u00ab ferm\u00e9 \u00bb de la premi\u00e8re\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Cette interrogation proc\u00e8de plus g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u2019une r\u00e9flexion sur le r\u00f4le de la blockchain comme \u00ab outil de r\u00e9gulation \u00bb : gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la mise en place d\u2019un protocole informatique d\u00e9termin\u00e9, on obligerait de facto <\/em>et ex ante<\/em> les acteurs \u00e0 respecter certaines obligations\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Mais le l\u00e9gislateur va plus loin en s'affranchissant de la forme juridique emprunt\u00e9e par l'entreprise : la loi a entendu embrasser l'ensemble des acteurs \u00e9conomiques du secteur. Ainsi, toute entreprise, y compris les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s commerciales, qui r\u00e9pond \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition peut d\u00e9sormais \u00eatre estampill\u00e9e ESS\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"En principe, l\u2019apparition d\u2019un nouvel acteur \u00e9conomique sur le march\u00e9 r\u00e9alise une op\u00e9ration de concentration, quel que soit le montage adopt\u00e9 par les int\u00e9ress\u00e9s. Une nouvelle entit\u00e9 c\u00f4toie celles existant et perturbe par cons\u00e9quent la configuration du march\u00e9 ; or, lorsque cela est l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019entreprises pr\u00e9existantes, il y a bien concentration. Cependant, il faut \u00e9viter de c\u00e9der \u00e0 la tentation d\u2019un tel raisonnement simpliste\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Le dirigeant dont la r\u00e9vocation est pressentie doit-il \u00eatre notifi\u00e9 des griefs reproch\u00e9s ? Une telle exigence offrirait une meilleure protection \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9ress\u00e9. Naturellement, il disposerait du temps n\u00e9cessaire pour la pr\u00e9paration d\u2019une d\u00e9fense susceptible d\u2019infl\u00e9chir la d\u00e9cision de sa r\u00e9vocation. Or l\u2019exigence d\u2019une information pr\u00e9alable du dirigeant ne trouve-t-elle pas sa source dans la garantie des droits de d\u00e9fense ?\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Ainsi, les autorit\u00e9s de contr\u00f4le sont amen\u00e9es \u00e0 effectuer l\u2019op\u00e9ration de qualification en deux temps : d\u2019abord la qualification du contr\u00f4le conjoint, ensuite la qualification du plein exercice. Entre les deux notions, il n\u2019y a pas une simple diff\u00e9rence de degr\u00e9 ; il y a une v\u00e9ritable diff\u00e9rence de nature. Le contr\u00f4le conjoint est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 au niveau de la strat\u00e9gie adopt\u00e9e par l\u2019entreprise commune en tant qu\u2019acteur \u00e9conomique sur le march\u00e9\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"La strat\u00e9gie de la filiale est non seulement influenc\u00e9e, dans son contenu, par son appartenance au groupe, mais encore est-elle, quant \u00e0 son adoption, soumise \u00e0 l\u2019approbation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 la t\u00eate du groupe. En effet, les deux crit\u00e8res essentiels de la d\u00e9finition du groupe sont l\u2019existence d\u2019un lien de contr\u00f4le et d\u2019une unit\u00e9 de d\u00e9cision\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"La jurisprudence et la pratique d\u00e9cisionnelle semblent en effet s\u2019enliser dans un raisonnement impr\u00e9cis qui d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9 admet de retenir une d\u00e9finition moderne du contr\u00f4le conjoint et de l\u2019autre insiste \u00e0 la rattacher au crit\u00e8re litt\u00e9ral proc\u00e9dant d\u2019un texte mal r\u00e9dig\u00e9. Cependant, est-ce le r\u00f4le des juges de \u00ab casser \u00bb le texte de l\u2019article L. 233-3 ?\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n \"Par une d\u00e9cision qui reprend une r\u00e8gle pr\u00e9torienne ancr\u00e9e, la Cour de cassation affirme une nouvelle fois le caract\u00e8re sacr\u00e9 du vote de l\u2019associ\u00e9. Elle refuse de donner effet \u00e0 une clause d\u2019exclusion statutaire ayant pour effet de supprimer le droit de vote d\u2019un associ\u00e9\"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\nAffaire Bollor\u00e9\/Vivendi : le contr\u00f4le exclusif de fait d\u00e9coule n\u00e9cessairement de la d\u00e9tention ou de l\u2019exercice des droits de vote dans les assembl\u00e9es g\u00e9n\u00e9rales<\/strong>\u00a0Les Petites Affiches<\/em><\/span> (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Contr\u00f4le exclusif, contr\u00f4le conjoint<\/strong> in Dictionnaire Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Le contr\u00f4le de la SAS<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0Revue Droit des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (LexisNexis)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Qui peut contr\u00f4ler une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ?<\/strong> Revue Droit des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (LexisNexis)<\/em><\/h4>\n
L’\u00e9galit\u00e9 de vote pr\u00e9sume le contr\u00f4le conjoint<\/strong>\u00a0Bulletin Joly Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
The articulation of the fiat contract and the smart contract: a source of insecurity? <\/strong>in Sciences et Droit, \u00e9d. Mare et Martin<\/em><\/h4>\n
L\u2019accord instaurant un contr\u00f4le conjoint<\/strong> Bull. Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Les limites d\u2019une conception monoc\u00e9phale du groupe de soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Contr\u00f4le conjoint et amendement Charasse<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
L\u2019extension du d\u00e9lit de n\u00e9gationnisme<\/strong>\u00a0ouvrage collectif co-dirig\u00e9 avec Pr. T. Hochmann, Institut Universitaire Varenne \u2013 LGDJ, 2019<\/h4>\n
Blockchain et franchissement de seuil d\u2019actionnariat<\/strong> in Les blockchains, le droit des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et le gouvernement d\u2019entreprise (sous la dir. P. Barban et V. Magnier), Dalloz (Th\u00e8mes & Commentaires)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Economie sociale et solidaire et coop\u00e9ratives agricoles<\/strong> in Actes de la Conf\u00e9rence d\u2019actualit\u00e9 sur les coop\u00e9ratives agricoles, 14 octobre 2016, Revue de droit rural (LexisNexis)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Le passage d\u2019un contr\u00f4le exclusif \u00e0 un contr\u00f4le conjoint ne constitue pas n\u00e9cessairement une op\u00e9ration de concentration<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n
\u00c0 quel moment un dirigeant doit-il \u00eatre inform\u00e9 des motifs de sa r\u00e9vocation ?<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
\u00c0 la recherche du crit\u00e8re du contr\u00f4le conjoint (\u00e0 propos d\u2019une entente sur le march\u00e9 des tubes cathodiques) <\/strong>Bulletin Joly Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Consultation du comit\u00e9 d\u2019entreprise sur les orientations strat\u00e9giques : des premi\u00e8res pr\u00e9cisions tr\u00e8s attendues<\/strong>\u00a0Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Tergiversations sur la d\u00e9finition du contr\u00f4le conjoint<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
L\u2019interdiction de la suppression du droit de vote de l\u2019associ\u00e9 : nouvel \u00e9pisode<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Prise de d\u00e9cision strat\u00e9gique \u00ab \u00e9mergente \u00bb et risque d\u2019omnipotence du directeur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral<\/strong> Bulletin Joly soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Quand la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019une holding suffit pour le contournement de la r\u00e9glementation sur les franchissements de seuil\u2026<\/strong> Bulletin Joly Bourse (Lextenso)<\/em><\/h4>\n
Le contr\u00f4le conjoint. Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du pouvoir dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/strong>\u00a0Editions Joly-Lextenso, Collection Pratique des affaires<\/em><\/h4>\n
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